20 Glossary with words about law, environment and business terms
This is a 20 terms glossary for my english class. This glossary has helped enrich my vocabulary in law, environment and business. I've made several researches on different websites and you can find the link to every site to find the definitions. English dictionaries I have at home were also helpful.
advertisement
countable noun with a/an
A paid notice or announcement, as of goods for sale, in newspapers or magazines, on radio or television, etc.
source: word reference
Example: A good advertisement tells us we need something even before we think we do. It offers us a look into the ideal life, the ideal body, the ideal mate, all wrapped in an ideal world.
Source: CNN article
en: publicité
attorney
noun
An attorney is a lawyer qualified to represent clients in legal proceedings. It is more specifically used in the USA and they usually specialize in one specific area of law such as divorce, family, labor and many others.
Source: Word Reference
Example: Attorney calls for criminal investigation after video shows corrections officers beating Black man while in custody.
Source: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/attorney-calls-for-criminal-investigation-after-video-shows-corrections-officers-beating-black-man-while-in-custody/ar-AA147tJc
en: avocat
bankruptcy
noun
When an organisation is unable to honour its financial obligations or make payment to its creditors, it files for bankruptcy.
Source: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/bankruptcy
Example: Lehman Brothers was the most high profile casualty of the 2008 financial crisis. It was the fourth biggest investment bank in the United States at the time of its demise, and had been in existence for 158 years before finally filing for bankruptcy. It also had 25,000 employees, who were suddenly terminated, the enormity of the situation was felt by everyone.
Source: https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/5-biggest-companies-that-went-bankrupt-919267/5/
en: faillite
biodiversity
noun
Biodiversity is the existence of many different kinds of plants and animals in an environment.
source: the britannica dictionary
Example: Business groups block action that could help tackle biodiversity crisis, report finds.
source: The Guardian
en: biodiversité
domestic trade
noun
Domestic trade refers to the exchange of goods or services within an individual country or territory. The market is constrained by the borders of that country, so that all products must be bought and sold by people living within the domestic market.
Source: https://www.smartcapitalmind.com/what-is-domestic-trade.htm
Example: Domestic trade and energy productivity in China: An inverted U-shaped relationship
An excessive reliance on domestic trade is not conducive to an increase in energy productivity.
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988321001390
en: le commerce intérieur
earthquake
noun
An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. The tectonic plates are always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel through the earth's crust and cause the shaking that we feel.
source: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-earthquake-and-what-causes-them-happen
Example: Prediction and verification of earthquakes induced by the Xiluodu hydropower station reservoir
source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003627
en: séisme
greenwashing
verb
Greenwashing is the process of conveying a false impression or misleading information about how a company's products are environmentally sound. It involves making an unfounded claim to deceive consumers into believing that a company's products are eco-friendly or have a greater positive environmental impact than is true.
source: investopedia
Example: The UK's competition watchdog is investigating Asos, Boohoo and Asda over claims about the sustainability of their fashion products.
The CMA's move is part of an ongoing investigation into potential "greenwashing", when firms brand something as sustainable when this is not the case, and follows concerns about the way the companies' products are being marketed as eco-friendly.
Source: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62344564
en: écoblanchiment
hydropower
noun
Hydropower is the energy obtained from the potential energy of the water or moving water. This energy can be directly harnessed to rotate the shaft of a hydraulic turbine for mechanical work.
source: https://solar-energy.technology/renewable-energy/hydropower
Example: Environmentalists and anglers have welcomed the decision to shelve plans for a hydropower scheme on one of England's most important salmon rivers.
source: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-63398527
en: hydroéléctricité
impeachment
noun
Impeachment means formal accusations of malfeasance, misfeasance, or nonfeasance against a Student Government member recognized by a majority vote of the Senate.
Source: Law insider
Example: Trump’s questions have touched on potential timelines for any potential impeachment inquiries, as well as on how much support impeachment has in the Republican conference.
Source: https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/biden-impeachment-trump-republicans-midterms-1234625755/
en: mise en accusation
income tax
noun (countable)
An income tax is a type of tax that is imposed on an individual’s or business’s earned and unearned income.
source: https://www.thebalancemoney.com/what-is-income-tax-5214776#toc-how-income-tax-works
Example: More than $270 million in income tax and penalties recovered in past three years.
Source: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/more-than-270-million-in-income-taxes-and-penalties-recovered-in-last-three-years (article)
en: impôt sur le revenu
jurisprudence
noun
Its literary meaning being "Knowledge of Law", jurisprudence refers to the body or system of laws, or the science of law. The function of jurisprudence is designed to determine innocence or guilt.
Source: law insider
Example: British courts have been slavishly following the jurisprudence of the European court of human rights and misinterpreting the Human Rights Act (HRA), according to the architect of the legislation.
Source: The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/dec/14/lord-irvine-human-rights-law
en: jurisprudence
lawsuit
noun
A lawsuit is a dispute or claim that one party or parties bring to a law court for adjudication. It is a proceeding by one party suing against another party in a civil court. It is a civil legal action that somebody or some people brought in a court.
Source: https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/lawsuit/
Example: In this paper, we examine the effect of firms' employee relations, measured by the number of employee lawsuits divided by the total number of employees, on stock price crash risk. Firms with higher employee lawsuit ratios tend to have higher stock price crash risk.
source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1057521922001491
en: procès
manufacturer
countable noun
A manufacturer is a company that produces goods in large numbers.
Source: Dictionary cambridge
Example: In primary care, general practitioners relied heavily on evidence provided by manufacturers, mainly pharmaceutical companies.
Source: Dictionary cambridge
en: un fabricant
photosynthesis
noun
Photosynthesis is when plants produce glucose from simple inorganic molecules -carbon dioxide and water- using light. This requires energy to drive the chemical reaction which means it cannot occur without energy (the sun).
source: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9pjrwx/revision/1
Example: Plants make their own food using photosynthesis. The food is important for the plants and for organisms that feed on the plants. Optimum rates of photosynthesis produce maximum plant yields.
source: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9pjrwx/revision/1
en: une photosynthèse
raw materials
plural noun
Raw materials are materials or substances used in the primary production or manufacturing of good. They are commodities that are bought and sold on commodities exchanges worldwide.
Source: Investopedia
Example: Raw materials are the sources of nutrients on which the development of the functional foods and nutraceuticals is based. The main criterion for the applicability of a particular type of raw material is the availability of its complete and accurate specifications from the standpoint of quality, safety, and authenticity.
source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/raw-materials
en: les matières premières
retailer
noun
A retailer is a company that buys products from a manufacturer or wholesaler and sells them to end users or customers. A retailer is an intermediary that customers use to get products from the manufacturers.
Source: myaccountingcourse
Example: The holiday shopping season is quickly approaching, and retailers are on edge. Economic concerns, coupled with ongoing supply chain issues and fluctuating fuel prices.
source: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/11/09/retail-tech-strategies-to-win-the-holiday-season/?sh=96df07a1e359
en: commerçant
shareholder
noun / countable noun
A shareholder is a person or entity that owns shares or equity in a corporation.
source: thefreedictionary
Example: China has many minority shareholders, but it is still unclear whether they actively influence corporate social responsibility (CSR) decisions to protect their own benefits. However, previous research mainly focuses on the effect of institutional investors on CSR.
source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264999322002826
en: un actionnaire
supply chains
noun (countable)
Supply chain management is the handling of the entire production flow of a good or service to maximize quality, delivery, customer experience and profitability.
Source: https://www.ibm.com/topics/supply-chain-management
Example: How Supply Chain Changes Are Impacting Sustainability:
Profitability and sustainability are becoming more interconnected, but supply chain upheavals can make long-term investment difficult.
source: https://www.manufacturing.net/supply-chain/blog/22538711/how-supply-chain-changes-are-impacting-sustainability-efforts
en: chaîne logistique
turnover
noun (countable)
Turnover is the amount of net sales a business generates within a certain period of time. Net sales refers to the amount made by the business after deducting for returns, discounts and other allowances.
source: Career Guide
Example: European airline group Air France-KLM said Friday that its third quarter revenues had exceeded its pre-pandemic turnover in 2019, fuelled by strong post-Covid demand for travel.
source: Radio France Internationale
en: chiffre d'affaires
wholesale
noun
A wholesale is a firm that buys goods in large quantity directly from the manufacturer and sell them in small quantities to shops, typically to be sold on to retailers.
source: Marketing tutor
Example: UK petrol prices not falling in line with wholesale cost – RAC.
Source: https://www.theguardian.com/money/2022/aug/03/uk-petrol-prices-cost-rac-unleaded